When bloating may be something serious

Bloating: It’s that uncomfortable, overly full feeling in your gut caused by too much air or gas. Usually, bloating is just an unpleasant sensation that passes over the course of a few hours, often caused by something you ate. Bloating can have many less serious causes, too, from swallowing air to lactose intolerance. 

To ease bloating in these cases, it can help to skip carbonated drinks and other gassy foods, avoid chewing gum or smoking, and eat slowly. You may want to ask a healthcare provider (HCP) about a low-FODMAP diet, as well.

Sometimes, however, bloating can be a symptom of a more serious condition, especially if it occurs with other symptoms. You should always reach out to your HCP if you have stomach pain with your bloating, or if bloating is interfering with your day-to-day activities. 

Meanwhile, here are six times bloating could indicate a serious issue.

About half of people over age 60 have bulging pouches in their large intestines called diverticula, which are believed to develop from a diet low in fiber. The presence of these pouches is a condition called diverticulosis. When they become inflamed or infected, it’s called diverticulitis. 

While diverticulosis typically doesn’t cause symptoms, diverticulitis can lead to bloating along with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, chills, cramps, and constipation. Providers may advise patients to eat foods high in fiber to prevent diverticula from becoming inflamed, but severe, repeated cases of diverticulitis may require surgical removal of part of the colon.

Ovarian cancer may be somewhat less common than other cancers—about 20,000 cases a year are diagnosed in the United States—but it causes more than 12,000 deaths annually. Only about one in five cases are caught early because there are few reliable diagnostic tests. 

When someone has advanced ovarian cancer, their belly can fill up with fluids, called ascites, which can cause bloating. Other symptoms include abnormal periods, back pain, weight gain or loss, vaginal bleeding, and digestive symptoms like nausea, gas, constipation, and indigestion.

Though the stomach cancer death rate has dropped greatly over time, it was among the deadliest cancers in the U.S. for decades. The majority of stomach cancers are found after they’ve spread beyond their initial location.

Stomach cancer symptoms include heartburn, feeling full, nausea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. People with stomach cancer can also experience bloating, due to a buildup of fluids in the belly.

Your pancreas helps turn the food you eat into fuel for your body and helps regulate blood sugar. If the flow of enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestines gets blocked by gallstones or a pancreatic tumor, enzymes can travel back to the pancreas and cause inflammation, a condition called pancreatitis.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an umbrella term for a group of uncomfortable digestive symptoms. They include bloating, gas, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea.

Researchers aren’t exactly sure what causes IBS, but theories include abnormal intestinal contractions, food allergies, eating too many ultra-processed foods, and overactive nerves in the bowels. Diet changes—such as getting more fiber and eating less dairy, legumes, and cruciferous vegetables—are often recommended as treatment.

Cutting gluten from your diet has been a health trend for years. Most people don’t need to go gluten free, but there’s a group of about 2 million Americans who do: those with celiac disease. 

Celiac disease is an intolerance of gluten—a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye—that causes the immune system to attack the small intestine. Adults with celiac disease are less likely than children to be affected by bloating, but can develop headaches, fatigue, weak bones, depression, anxiety, and even infertility. Celiac disease can also prevent the small intestine from absorbing nutrients, leading to malnutrition.

If your stomach is bloated and you have swollen legs, fatigue, lack of appetite, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and weight loss, get your liver checked—especially if you drink to excess or have been previously diagnosed with hepatitis. These symptoms could result from cirrhosis, a scarring of the liver. Cirrhosis causes ascites and can lead to gallstones, kidney failure, high blood pressure in the vein that supplies blood to the liver (a condition called portal hypertension), liver failure, and even liver cancer.