Recognizing the Signs of Sepsis

This severe infection can lead to long-term complications—and even death—if not treated quickly and effectively.

a white woman patient lies in a hospital bed, attended by a white woman nurse, as treatment for sepsis

Updated on October 4, 2023.

Infections can be bad enough, but if the body’s reaction to one turns into sepsis, it becomes a medical emergency.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 1.7 million adults are diagnosed with sepsis each year in the United States. Of those diagnosed, more than 350,000 will die from sepsis.

While healthcare providers (HCPs) are continually making headway in earlier recognition of sepsis signs, the CDC has made a push to get more information about sepsis into the hands of HCPs and patients.

“It comes down to training,” says Claudio Fernandez, DO, an emergency medicine doctor with Memorial Hospital Miramar in Florida. “I’m an ER doctor so I see sepsis a lot.”

HCPs in emergency rooms tend to have a lot of experience with sepsis, but it’s important for all HCPs to be able to identify its key signs and symptoms. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis can save lives.

What is sepsis?

When the body encounters a foreign substance like a bacteria or virus, the immune system typically responds by identifying and attacking the substance. Inflammation is part of the body’s natural reaction to neutralize such threats.

Sometimes, however, the immune system’s response to infection is so aggressive and extreme that it can run out of control and affect otherwise healthy tissue. This is sepsis.

Infants, very old adults, and people with weakened immune systems are the most vulnerable to sepsis, but anyone can get it. Other at-risk populations include those with diabetes, HIV/AIDS, cancer, or liver disease.

What are the symptoms of sepsis?

Sepsis onset occurs rapidly and is unpredictable. Common symptoms include:

  • Fever, chills, or shivering
  • Rapid breathing and heart rate
  • Shortness of breath
  • Rash
  • Confusion and disorientation
  • Extreme pain or discomfort
  • Sweating or clammy skin

If your blood pressure decreases and the heart becomes weak, septic shock may occur, which can result in the failure of multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver.

Diagnosing sepsis

Diagnosing sepsis is complicated, since symptoms may not be apparent until late, when the person is already very ill. Some symptoms of sepsis can also resemble those of other conditions. HCPs use a combination of a patient’s medical history, blood work, and physical signs to determine whether sepsis is present, Dr. Fernandez says.

Medical history is important because it can help reveal how the infection started. Some of the most common types of infection that can lead to sepsis include:

  • Respiratory infections, such as pneumonia
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Gastrointestinal infections, including infection of the appendix (appendicitis) and infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis)
  • Skin infections

If an HCP thinks someone has sepsis, they will calculate a score to help determine how severe that person’s sepsis is and how aggressively they need to be treated. The scoring system is called qSOFA, which stands for quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment.

“I’m looking for the vitals,” says Fernandez. “Is the patient feverish? How’s the breathing, is it fast?”

Other qSOFA criteria include low blood pressure or altered mental state, which could include confusion, lethargy, disorientation, strange behavior, or even hallucinations. A score of two or more, along with a suspected infection source like pneumonia, suggests that a case of sepsis is more severe, with a higher risk of death and other complications.

A 2022 systematic review published in BMJ Open found that including a measure of blood lactate levels in the qSOFA score helped predict the risk of death in people with sepsis.

Treating sepsis

Intravenous (IV) fluids and antibiotics are the mainstays of sepsis treatment. Treatments like dialysis and breathing machines may be necessary to keep failing organs working, as may medications to increase blood pressure. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove tissue that has been damaged as a result of sepsis.

Since sepsis develops quickly and in stages, it’s extremely important to recognize the signs and get treated as soon as possible.

“The earlier you recognize sepsis, the earlier you can start treating it,” says Fernandez.

The 2021 Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines recommend that antibiotics be administered ideally within 1 hour of sepsis diagnosis or within 3 hours if sepsis is suspected. While this is the ideal, HCPs may have leeway in the timing of antibiotics administration.

Sepsis that remains untreated can progress to septic shock, a life-threatening condition. In 30 to 40 percent of cases, septic shock can be fatal.

Recovering from sepsis

After being treated for sepsis, the priorities for recovery should be resting and getting help with daily needs, such as standing, walking, bathing, and other self-care. You may experience any of the following during recovery:

  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • General aches and pains
  • Shortness of breath
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Loss of appetite

Many people who experience sepsis recover fully. Certain patients, such as those with pre-existing conditions, may have a more difficult recovery. Some patients may need continued dialysis, and in other cases, memory and thinking problems and a weakened immune system may persist following sepsis.

Article sources open article sources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is Sepsis? Page last reviewed August 9, 2022.
National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Sepsis. Page last updated September 10, 2021.
Gill A, Ackermann K, et al. Does lactate enhance the prognostic accuracy of the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment for adult patients with sepsis? A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2022;12(10):e060455.
Society of Critical Care Medicine. Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines 2021. October 4, 2021.
Sterling SA, Miller WR, et al. The Impact of Timing of Antibiotics on Outcomes in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1907-1915.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. I Survived Sepsis. What’s Next? Page last reviewed August 9, 2022.
Cleveland Clinic. Sepsis. Last reviewed January 19, 2023.

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