In 2019, the most recent year for which we have data, the number one cause of accidental death in the United States wasn&rsquo;t drownings, falls or even car accidents. It was drug overdoses.

There were more than 70,000 drug overdose deaths that year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with nearly 50,000 related to opioid painkillers. About 36,000 of those deaths involved synthetic (man-made) opioids like fentanyl.

The problem likely worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, too. As of early 2021, the CDC estimates that over 81,000 people died of a drug overdose in the 12 months ending in May 2020. The surge was primarily driven by an uptick in synthetic opioid use.

How opioid addiction starts 
The road to opioid addiction often begins with a painkiller prescription from a healthcare provider (HCP), says Mark Cardillo, LCSW, program director for behavioral health and addictions at Tampa Community Hospital in Tampa, Florida. In a 2014 study published in JAMA, three quarters of the 1,600 participants who began abusing opioids in the 2000s&mdash;and two thirds of the 286 who began using between 2010 and 2013&mdash;started with a prescription.

Healthcare providers wrote 255 million opioid prescriptions in 2012, according to the CDC&mdash;enough for every adult in the U.S. They have been urged to prescribe fewer painkilling narcotics since then and, as a result, in 2019, prescriptions fell to about 153 million.

&ldquo;There may be some genetic predisposition,&rdquo; adds Cardillo. &ldquo;You also have a segment that may turn to drugs and alcohol because they have some issue, like trauma or their upbringing. In order to escape they turn to drugs. Another group has some sort of mental disorder and use drugs to deal with that. Usually there&rsquo;s some component in their lives that pushes them to addiction.&rdquo;

Why opioids are so addictive&mdash;and deadly 
Snorting, swallowing or shooting heroin or another opioid not only dulls the sensation of pain, but also causes a feeling of intense euphoria. At the same time, opioids affect parts of the brain that influence a number of body functions beyond pain sensation and pleasure, including the breathing instinct. If you take too many opioids, you may stop breathing.

Your body naturally produces opioids, but when you flood it with opioids from an outside source, it adapts to having that extra influx. Then, when you stop putting outside opioids into your body, the body&rsquo;s natural levels of opioids are no longer enough, and you go through withdrawal. This process is known as dependence.

Withdrawal symptoms include agitation, anxiety, muscle aches, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, among others. Many people, even those with the best of intentions, will go back to using opioids once withdrawal symptoms hit.

Getting clean and staying clean 
According to Cardillo, the first stage of recovery is detox, which involves withdrawal. &ldquo;You just have to get the drug out of your system, so you can think clearly,&rdquo; he says. Detox takes between five and seven days, says Cardillo, but it could take up to a month before you start feeling normal.

&ldquo;Once you tackle that, you work on the psychological part,&rdquo; Cardillo says. Treatment is vital to dealing with an opioid addiction, and behavioral therapy is widely acknowledged to be an effective approach&mdash;especially when it&rsquo;s combined with prescription medications. Treatment may also involve altering aspects of a person&rsquo;s environment that may trigger their drug use.

In fact, Cardillo says that the biggest mistake people recovering from an opioid addiction make is &ldquo;not changing the people, places and things that will put them in situations where they&rsquo;re going to use again.&rdquo; Not embracing therapy is another stumbling block. &ldquo;Therapy can be painful, so the first instinct is to go back to using,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;The reality is that drugs and alcohol work. You take them and you don&rsquo;t have to think about your trauma.&rdquo;

&quot;You have to be extremely diligent to maintain sobriety,&rdquo; says Cardillo. &ldquo;Most people say you go &lsquo;into recovery,&rsquo; not necessarily that you&rsquo;re cured. People may have been in recovery for 30 years, but they&rsquo;re not cured. Any day something could trigger them and make them start using again. They have to take it one day at a time.&rdquo;

Medically reviewed in March 2021.

Sources:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. &ldquo;Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999&ndash;2019.&rdquo; December 22, 2020. Accessed March 4, 2021. 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. &ldquo;Trends and Geographic Patterns in Drug and Synthetic Opioid Overdose Deaths &mdash; United States, 2013&ndash;2019.&rdquo; February 11, 2021. Accessed March 4, 2021. 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. &ldquo;Overdose Deaths Accelerating During COVID-19.&rdquo; December 17, 2020. Accessed March 4, 2021. 
National Institute on Drug Abuse. &ldquo;Opioid Overdose Crisis.&rdquo; February 25, 2021. Accessed March 4, 2021. 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. &ldquo;U.S. Opioid Dispensing Rate Maps.&rdquo; December 7, 2020. Accessed March 4, 2021. 
TJ Cicero, MS Ellis, et al. &ldquo;The Changing Face of Heroin Use in the United States:&nbsp;A Retrospective Analysis of the Past 50 Years.&rdquo;&nbsp;JAMA Psychiatry.&nbsp;2014;71(7):821&ndash;826. 
National Institute on Drug Abuse. &ldquo;Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report: How do opioids affect the brain and body?&rdquo; June 2020. Accessed March 3, 2021. 
National Institute on Drug Abuse. &ldquo;Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report: Understanding Dependence, Addiction, and Tolerance.&rdquo; June 2020. Accessed March 3, 2021. 
MedlinePlus. &ldquo;Opiate and opioid withdrawal.&rdquo; February 26, 2021. Accessed March 3, 2021. 
National Institute on Drug Abuse. &ldquo;Why is there comorbidity between substance use disorders and mental illnesses?&rdquo; April 2020. Accessed March 8, 2021. 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. &ldquo;Rx Awareness: Recovery Is Possible.&rdquo; August 12, 2020. Accessed March 8, 2021. 
SAMHSA. &ldquo;MAT Medications, Counseling, and Related Conditions.&rdquo; August 19, 2020. Accessed March 8, 2021.

How Does an Opioid Addiction Start?

When the Muppets&rsquo; Cookie Monster grumbles, &quot;Me want cookie! Me eat cookie! Om nom nom nom,&quot; his mouth-stuffing antics delight children and parents alike. But in Colorado, where <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/recreational-marijuana-how-safe-is-it">recreational marijuana</a> is legal, and marijuana-laced cookies&mdash;and other consumables&mdash;account for 45 percent of the drugs&rsquo; sales, marijuana cookies can turn into lethal monsters.

That&rsquo;s because some pot-laced cookie-eaters get impatient when there&rsquo;s a lag time between ingesting the drug and feeling its effects (it takes 30 to 60 minutes) and they eat more and more until they&rsquo;ve gobbled a mega-dose. The CDC released a report about an emotionally stable young man who started shaking, screaming and throwing things before leaping off a roof in Denver last year&mdash;all because he ate one or two THC-laced cookies. The recommended dose&mdash;1/6th of a cookie&mdash;didn&rsquo;t seem to be having an effect, so he ate 6 to 12 times that amount. And besides, who can eat 1/6th of a cookie? (Several states have approved capsules and gummy bears for people with end-stage disease, and Colorado and Washington are experimenting with them for the general public.)

Legal or not, around 20 million North Americans say they&rsquo;ve used marijuana in the past month. So it&rsquo;s important that you&mdash;and your kids&mdash;know the risks. Teens who use pot may permanently impair their brain&rsquo;s ability to retain learning, form memories and think clearly. And regular use is associated with depression, anxiety and relationship problems.

The best highs? Endorphins from exercise and dopamine and oxytocin from great-tasting-good-for-you-food, friendship, laughter and love.&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in May 2019.

Avoid the Marijuana Cookie Monster

Weed, ganja, pot&mdash;whatever you call marijuana, facts about its risks and benefits seem harder to come by than a sober fan at a Willie Nelson concert. But facts we need! More than 31 million U.S. adults <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/marijuana-facts-and-stats">smoke marijuana</a> and almost 8.5 million use pot a lot, according to a study published in The Lancet Psychiatry. Somewhere around 1,246,170 folks in 24 states have authorized prescriptions for <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/pharmaceuticals/article/what-need-to-know-about-medical-marijuana">medical marijuana</a> (that number includes estimates from states that don&rsquo;t require registration and New Hampshire and Maryland where no numbers are available yet). Plus, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) estimates almost 45 percent of 12th graders and 16 percent of 8th graders have smoked marijuana at least once.

Ironically, the more folks smoke pot (the increase since 2002 is about 30 percent), the less people believe it delivers real physical and psychological risks. True, for folks who use it for medical benefits such as end-stage cancer pain relief, to stimulate appetite in the face of chemotherapy or to ease Parkinson&rsquo;s symptoms, the risks may be less significant than the benefits, but for purely recreational users&mdash;especially heavy users&mdash;well, some think it can send your health up in smoke.

Your lungs on pot 
Any smoke&mdash;from a wood fire, a cigarette or a joint&mdash;delivers toxins to the lungs. And inhaling deeply and holding your breath when smoking marijuana increases exposure. Additionally, researchers from Health Canada found ammonia in pot smoke at levels up to 20 times that of tobacco; hydrogen cyanide and aromatic amines at concentrations 3 to 5 times that of tobacco smoke and sidestream (secondhand) marijuana smoke with more carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than secondhand tobacco smoke. Frequent users risk developing chronic cough, phlegm production, wheezing and acute bronchitis. Those hydrocarbons also contribute to inflammation throughout your body, including in your joints, your back, your arteries and your brain. So while you may feel less back or joint pain while smoking, you may actually increase the pain from which you&rsquo;re seeking relief. These same inflammatory molecules don&rsquo;t seem to accumulate when marijuana is eaten.

But if you&rsquo;re going to eat pot brownies, gummies or hard candies, beware of kids&rsquo; access to them. Overdoses are dangerous&mdash;and increasingly common&mdash;among children who pick up pot-laced foods left lying around.

Your brain on ganja 
The most serious cognitive risks from marijuana are to teens (especially girls) and guys up to age 24. One study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showed frequent marijuana smokers LOST eight IQ points between the ages of 13 and 38. And even if they quit as adults, the researchers found the youthful indulgers&rsquo; mental ability did not fully recover. Fortunately, folks who start smoking pot as an adult do not show such a decline in IQ.

There are potential benefits 
When used in a well-regulated program to address specific medical issues, marijuana can convey <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/what-conditions-helped-medical-marijuana">some benefits</a>. For example, one study found users had 16 percent lower fasting insulin levels and smaller waist sizes than non-users&mdash;so marijuana may be helpful in controlling type 2 diabetes. Medical marijuana does seem to ease MS spasms and reduce vomiting from cancer medications, according to the NIDA. And some studies find marijuana extracts ease neuropathic diabetes pain, while others do not.

Don&rsquo;t go one toke over the line 
Whatever you think about smoking marijuana recreationally or taking it for medicinal purposes, clearly it is increasingly accepted by many people&mdash;and state legislatures. So what&rsquo;s needed is a realistic understanding of its risks. If you smoke or munch it, be aware of pot&rsquo;s ever-increasing potency and avoid heavy use. Discourage kids from using it at all. And treat it with the same understanding of its inherent risks and benefits as you do alcohol, which can be used in a recipe for a tasty fish stew or be a toxic substance that kills.

Medically reviewed in January 2019.

Can Marijuana Be Used Responsibly?

From eating to drinking, Americans have a problem with binging. One in six Americans <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/alcohol-and-health/article/binge-drinking-america-health-issue">binge drinks</a>&mdash;that means, having four or more drinks if you&rsquo;re a woman, and five or more drinks if you&rsquo;re a man within two hours. But when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention examined data on 400,000 adults, they discovered that the average binge drinker binges 53 times annually. That&rsquo;s seven drinks each time.

Heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke, liver disease&mdash;the list of health risks for binge drinking goes on, but they also go beyond disease. Car crashes, falls, burns, homicide, suicide and domestic assault are common dangers.

<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/video/mental-health/binge-eating/what-are-the-effects-of-binge-eating">B</a><a href="https://www.sharecare.com/video/mental-health/binge-eating/what-are-the-effects-of-binge-eating">inge eating</a> affects 2.8 million Americans. Binge eaters are at risk for obesity (about two-thirds of bingers are obese), as well as arthritis, sleep apnea, some cancers, heart disease, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes.

If you binge eat or drink, seek counseling and talk to your doctor about signing up for a 12-step program. Work with your doctor to improve your health, adopt good eating habits and learn mindful meditation to ease stress, <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/depression/slideshow/depression-treatment-questions">depression</a>&nbsp;and anxiety.

Do You Have a Binge Eating or Drinking Problem?

What do Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, Washington D.C., and Washington state have in common? They&rsquo;ve legalized <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/recreational-marijuana-how-safe-is-it">recreational marijuana use</a> for adults. And a total of 24 states allow medical marijuana in various ways: In New York you cannot smoke it, although you can inhale a vapor, eat it, use a tincture, or take pills! More than 12 states have decriminalized possession.

No wonder marijuana use more than doubled from 2001 to 2013. Unfortunately, according to a study in JAMA Psychiatry,&nbsp;in 2012-2013 nearly 30 percent of users had <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/video/sharecare-experts/devi-nampiaparampil/what-risks-if-any-are-there-for-using-medical-marijuana">marijuana use disorder</a>, otherwise known as MUD. That&rsquo;s a huge percentage. Symptoms include problems with normal functioning, cravings and withdrawal symptoms, such as inability to sleep, restlessness, nervousness, anger, or depression within a week of ceasing heavy use. This MUD treatment also makes you older.

There are also neurocognitive and psychiatric repercussions of MUD, especially in young people and young adults. When researchers at Columbia University Medical Center looked at the brains of folks who started smoking cannabis at 16, became dependent by 20, and have been dependent for the past seven years, they found that compared to non-smokers they had lower dopamine release in brain areas that affect learning and working memory tasks. The depression associated with withdrawal is also a likely result of alterations in dopamine availability. So don&rsquo;t get stuck in the MUD; if you or someone you love needs help with <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/video/health-topics-a-z/substance-abuse-and-addiction/what-does-research-show-about-marijuana-being-addictive">marijuana dependence</a>, go to www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov to get started creating a healthier, happier future.&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in January 2019.

Dope and Dopamine

Heroin and prescription opioid <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/heroin-addiction-what-you-should-know" target="_blank">abuse and overdoses</a> have soared in recent years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), almost 2 million people were addicted to prescription opioids in 2014 (the latest year for which data is available.) Heroin overdose deaths nearly quadrupled in a decade, and more than four of five heroin abusers got their start with prescription opioids.

Stemming this tide will require efforts on multiple levels. But in the meantime there is a drug that can almost instantaneously reverse an opioid overdose. It&rsquo;s naloxone hydrochloride (called, more commonly, naloxone or by the brand name Narcan), and its effects can be sudden and powerful. &ldquo;I&rsquo;ve had occasion to give it myself from time to time, and people wake up in seconds,&rdquo; says Keith Roach, MD, Sharecare&rsquo;s chief medical officer. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s one of the most dramatic things you can see in clinical medicine.&rdquo;

Today the medication isn&rsquo;t just reserved for use by paramedics, EMT workers and doctors. There are some states where individuals who think they may need it for themselves, or for someone else at risk of overdosing, can have the medication on hand.

Anatomy of an Overdose 
When an opioid is taken, its molecules bind to cell receptors to make users feel euphoric and dull their perception to pain. Those receptors also blunt the body&rsquo;s ability to regulate breathing. If the opioid dose is high enough, breathing stops entirely. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s a powerful effect on the brain itself. The area of the brain that tells you to breathe stops working,&rdquo; says Dr. Roach. &ldquo;You die from opiates because you forget to breathe.&rdquo;

Signs of an opioid overdose include:

<ul>
	<li>Unconsciousness</li>
	<li>Pinpoint pupils</li>
	<li>Slow, shallow, or no breath</li>
	<li>Slow heartbeat or low blood pressure</li>
</ul>

How Naloxone Works 
Naloxone molecules bind to the same receptors as opioids. They basically muscle the opioid molecules out of the way, knocking them off the receptors like billiard balls. It allows the person to breathe again &ndash; but it may also induce <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/opiate-agonist/what-symptoms-opioid-medication-withdrawal" style="line-height: 1.6em;" target="_blank">withdrawal symptoms</a>.

&ldquo;Nobody likes to get naloxone because it&rsquo;s such an unpleasant wakeup call,&rdquo; says Roach. &ldquo;People are not happy about it because for whatever reason they took the opioid in the first place, all of the benefit would go away.&rdquo;&nbsp;

How to Use Naloxone 
Naloxone is sold as a nasal spray, an auto-injector or a pre-filled syringe. In a hospital, if the drug is given intravenously, it works almost instantly. The auto-injectors and pre-filled syringes are designed to be jabbed into a muscle, which works more slowly than an IV, says Roach. The nasal spray is the slowest, but &ldquo;the advantage of giving it nasally is anyone can do it,&rdquo; says Roach.

It&rsquo;s essential to be trained in the use of naloxone if you&rsquo;re expecting or expected to have to give a dose, says Roach. That means asking your doctor. &ldquo;Many communities in most states have the ability for citizens to give it, and have <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/first-aid-risks/good-samaritan-laws" target="_blank">Good Samaritan laws</a> to protect them. But you want to be sure you know exactly how to do it.&rdquo;

It goes without saying that you should call 911 in addition to administering naloxone in the event of an overdose. &nbsp;

How to Get Naloxone 
All 50 states allow paramedics to carry and use naloxone, which is classified as a prescription drug by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). An increasing number of states allow EMTs to do the same, while police officers in select communities can carry the drug.

In January of 2017 Kaleo, the company that makes an auto-injector&ndash;a product known as Evzio&ndash;raised the price of a twin-pack from $690 when the product debut in 2014, to $4,500.

In a rapidly growing number of states, individuals can buy the life-saving medication -- and may not even need a prescription, thanks to what&rsquo;s called a standing order (and in some states that&rsquo;s not even needed). This allows a doctor to write a prescription for a pharmacy (not an individual), allowing the pharmacist to sell the medication to anyone who walks in and requests it. But, again, laws vary: In some states it&rsquo;s only distributed to a prescriber&rsquo;s patients, or those who are at risk of an overdose, or a family member. Typically a pharmacist dispensing it needs to be trained in its administration and teach the consumer. Currently the pharmacy chains Walgreens and CVS can distribute naloxone without a prescription in some states.

&ldquo;I think people should be able to get it more easily,&rdquo; says Roach. &ldquo;Studies show that in communities with more access, there&rsquo;s less deaths from opioids. Anything we can do to reduce the number of deaths is a good thing.&rdquo;&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in January 2019.

Drug That Reverses Heroin Overdose

Sometimes, when people have a problem with drugs or alcohol, it&rsquo;s easy for them to recognize. They may spot the physical symptoms or mental health issues. They may grasp that it&rsquo;s affecting their day-to-day function or relationships with others. Or, they find themselves drinking more or using increasing amounts of drugs to get the same effect.&nbsp;

But in many cases,&nbsp;people don&#39;t recognize the signs of drug or alcohol addiction at all.&nbsp;

How is that possible? Brain damage from addiction may actually make it that much more difficult to realize you have a problem, says addiction psychiatrist Joel&nbsp;Holiner, MD, Executive Medical Director of Medical City Green Oaks Hospital in Dallas, Texas. &ldquo;We know that taking alcohol and drugs affects the frontal cortex of the brain and even the limbic region, which could affect judgment, impulse control problem-solving issues and even memory,&rdquo; he explains.&nbsp;

The&nbsp;signs&nbsp;of addiction&nbsp; 
There are many different indications of possible substance abuse. If you think you may be abusing drugs or alcohol, or are worried about a friend, look for these&nbsp;addiction warning signs:&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Loss of control: Addicts consume more alcohol or drugs than they intend to, and will continue using even though it may cause problems on the job, <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/side-effects-opioid-medication">with their health</a> or in relationships. &nbsp;</li>
	<li>Secrecy and social withdrawal: Addicts may hide their drugs or alcohol use, as well as withdraw from family and friends or other social interactions.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Change in personality and appearance: Addicts may take more risks than normal, or quit their favorite hobbies or activities in favor of drugs or alcohol. They may skip showers, wear dirty clothes or stop caring about how they look&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Mood swings or depression: Feelings of anxiety, frustration, anger, bitterness and depression, as well as a bad temper, are common in addicts.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Blackouts or memory loss: A person may have an addiction if they regularly forget things or experience blackouts.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Higher tolerance: Addicts tend to consume more and more to get the feeling they&rsquo;re craving. At times they may need far more than they originally intended.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

How to get treatment for substance abuse&nbsp; 
&ldquo;If you think you are an addict, the first step is realizing you have a problem and being willing to get help,&rdquo; Dr.&nbsp;Holiner&nbsp;says. Surround yourself with friends and family who will support your new lifestyle, and make sure your daily routines eliminate temptations. &ldquo;If you were in a pattern of stopping by a convenience store on your way home from work and getting a six-pack every night, you need to change your route,&rdquo; says&nbsp;Holiner.&nbsp;

While substance abuse treatment is not one-size-fits-all, all <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/navigating-healthcare-facing-addiction">plans</a> do emphasize one thing: talking it out. The road to recovery usually involves a combination of the following:&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Psychotherapy: One-on-one or family therapy sessions can help cope with cravings and handle possible relapses.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Self-help groups: Groups like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/alcohol-and-health/article/simple-ways-cut-back-alcohol">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>&nbsp;(AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) help addicts talk through their issues with people experiencing the same problems.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Individual sponsors: Many people involved with AA or NA choose to pair with an individual sponsor that serves as a confidant and mentor during the recovery process.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Treatment programs: Inpatient and outpatient rehab programs help addicts focus on getting sober through individual or group sessions, depending on the severity of the addiction. &nbsp;</li>
</ul>

If you&rsquo;re still having problems with withdrawal, cravings or depression, you may need non-addictive medication to help you quit for good, says&nbsp;Holiner. Talk to your healthcare provider to create a treatment plan that works best for you.&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in July 2019. Updated in March 2021.&nbsp;

6 Warning Signs of Addiction

Picture in your mind a heroin addict and chances are you&rsquo;re picturing him or her wrong. Anyone can be addicted to heroin. In fact, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), heroin use has risen across most age groups and all income levels in recent years&mdash;women, the privately insured and people with higher incomes are among those who have seen the greatest increase.&nbsp;

&ldquo;Heroin availability is a lot more widespread,&rdquo; says Mark Hutchinson, a mental health counselor who specializes in addiction at St. Mark&rsquo;s Hospital in Utah. &ldquo;Maybe 20 or 30 years ago it was something you&rsquo;d only find in a big city, but now it&rsquo;s just everywhere.&rdquo;&nbsp;

Heroin use increased 62.5 percent between 2004 and 2013. Heroin-related overdose deaths have risen over the years, too, according to the CDC.&nbsp;

So, what gives? Here&rsquo;s what you need to know about heroin addiction.&nbsp;

What Is heroin?&nbsp; 
Heroin belongs to a class of drugs called opioids. Opioids are derived from or related to substances in poppy plants and include methadone, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone and fentanyl. These drugs are mostly used as powerful painkillers. Heroin is synthesized from&nbsp;morphine and comes in the form of a white or brown powder or as a black sticky substance. It can be injected intravenously, smoked or snorted.&nbsp;

Highs and lows of heroin&nbsp;&nbsp; 
Not only does heroin block out pain, it totally blocks out stress and worry, says Hutchinson. &ldquo;The high is an escape that&rsquo;s deep and intense,&rdquo; he explains. It starts with intense euphoria that can last several minutes and users generally feel relaxed, drowsy and &ldquo;out of it&rdquo; for three to five hours afterward.&nbsp;

After the high, though, comes the crash. Coming off a heroin high brings a severe reaction, like an intense flu, says Hutchinson. &ldquo;Aches and pains, throwing up, high anxiety, the shakes. Sometimes people&nbsp;have hallucinations,&rdquo; he says.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The emotional and psychological&nbsp;effects of withdrawal follow. Users feel &ldquo;a real emptiness, like a hole in their soul,&rdquo; Hutchinson says. &ldquo;They have no motivation or hope or thought that they can overcome these feelings.&rdquo;&nbsp;

A big factor in continuing to use heroin and thus becoming addicted is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/ways-beat-opioid-withdrawal">avoiding withdrawal symptoms</a>, says Hutchinson. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s very intense and no one wants to be that sick, so the only thing in their mind is they have to use to not have those side effects,&rdquo; says Hutchinson.&nbsp;

Making an addict&nbsp; 
Reasons for trying heroin for the first time vary greatly among addicts. Because the drug&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/chronic-pain/article/taking-opioids-provide-function-chronic-pain">temporarily relieves pain</a>&nbsp;both physical and psychological, many users turn to it to escape trauma, says Hutchinson. &ldquo;Or they started with marijuana or alcohol and found they needed more and more to get high. Heroin is a more efficient high,&rdquo; he says.&nbsp;

Prescription opioids can lead people down the path of heroin addiction as well. A person can start prescription painkillers for a legitimate reason like intense back pain or a broken femur, get addicted, and use heroin as a substitute when they can&rsquo;t get a prescription.&nbsp;

&ldquo;Oxycontin is expensive, plus it&rsquo;s in a locked safe in the pharmacy and you usually have to wait to pick it up,&rdquo; explains Hutchinson. They may want Oxycontin but either can&rsquo;t afford it or can&rsquo;t get it without a prescription, so they turn to sources that are affordable and easily attainable, says Hutchinson. &ldquo;Heroin is a lot cheaper; for $5 or $10 you can get a hit,&rdquo; he says.&nbsp;

Heroin addiction and the brain&nbsp; 
Addiction&mdash;not just drug addiction&mdash;is a medical disease and not just a human weakness, according to experts from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).&nbsp;

&ldquo;There are parts of the brain that are more affected by addiction, such as the hypothalamus and the amygdala, which are connected to the frontal lobe, the judgment and responsibility area of the brain,&rdquo; explains Hutchinson. &ldquo;When someone is addicted to anything, the amygdala and hypothalamus start to deteriorate physically.&rdquo;&nbsp;

It becomes a feedback loop, explains Hutchinson. &ldquo;When that happens, people will continue to use even though they know it&rsquo;s high risk and will end badly,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;It gets to the point where using doesn&rsquo;t even bring pleasure, it just allows them to function.&rdquo;&nbsp;

Heroin addiction help and recovery&nbsp; 
If you or a loved one is using heroin, seek help as soon as possible. In the case of an overdose, call 9-1-1 right away.&nbsp;

There are a variety of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/how-choose-addiction-treatment-center">inpatient and outpatient programs</a>&nbsp;available for those who want to recover. Hutchinson suggests starting heroin addiction treatment at an intensive inpatient program and then joining an outpatient program to stay clean.&nbsp;

The first thing&nbsp;someone with&nbsp;an&nbsp;addiction&nbsp;will have to do in order to kick the habit for good is go to detox to get the heroin out of their system safely and under supervision. After detox, therapy becomes a main focus of treatment. Group therapy is particularly helpful.&nbsp;

&ldquo;Patients bond with one another, not just because they have people who know what they&rsquo;re going through, but also in sharing what&rsquo;s happened in their lives to bring them to this point,&rdquo; says Hutchinson. &ldquo;They trust one another and want to spend time with each other.&rdquo;&nbsp;

If you have a loved one&nbsp;with a heroin addiction, it&rsquo;s absolutely essential to care for and support them in their efforts to get clean, says Hutchinson. It might not be easy, as addiction can lead people to lie, steal and generally be irresponsible or unreliable because part of the brain isn&rsquo;t functioning the way it should. But Hutchinson says&nbsp;they&nbsp;simply will not get better without support.&nbsp;

&ldquo;If I did a sampling of 10 of my patients undergoing treatment&mdash;those with strong bonds and relationships&mdash;about&nbsp;6&nbsp;out of 10 will be successful,&rdquo; says Hutchinson. &ldquo;Probably&nbsp;9&nbsp;out of 10 people who don&rsquo;t have those supportive relationships will go right back to addiction.&rdquo;&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in January 2019. Updated in March 2021.&nbsp;

Heroin Addiction: What You Should Know

The use of <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/quit-smoking/health-effects-smoking-hookah-pipe?myAttribute=yay">hookahs</a> -- pipes that bubble tobacco smoke through water before you puff -- doubled among middle- and high-schoolers in just one year. Now it&rsquo;s on par with cigarette use in school-age kids, a troubling new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report reveals. Fueling the craze: Peer pressure, of course, plus the dangerous myth that these exotic pipes are harmless.

The truth: Hookahs are dangerous. Research shows they deliver 100 times more lung-clogging tar, four times more nicotine -- tobacco&rsquo;s most addictive chemical -- and eleven times more heart-threatening carbon monoxide than one cigarette. Hookah-users are also exposed to <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/cancer-causes-and-risk-factors/can-hookah-smoking-cause-cancer">high levels of carcinogens</a>&nbsp;including benzene and acrolein, according to researchers from the University of California San Francisco.

These scientists are leading the way in uncovering hookahs&rsquo; hidden health risks. In one remarkable study, they convinced 55 hookah users to abstain for a week. They then analyzed their urine the morning after they spent one evening in the hookah bar of their choice. In this real-world study, smokers&rsquo; nicotine levels increased 73-fold after their hookah night and levels of cancer-causing compounds increased 41 to 93%! But surveys show that teens mistakenly believe that the water in these pipes filters out the toxins in tobacco smoke. Truth is, these water pipes may make the smoke less irritating, but that just encourages users to smoke more!

Typically shared with several others, a hookah user sucks in the smoke through a mouthpiece and tube attached to a pipe. A session may last a half-hour to an hour or longer, leading to inhaling as much smoke as you&rsquo;d get from up to 100 cigarettes (that&rsquo;s five packs), the World Health Organization warns. The charcoal used to keep the tobacco burning also poses substantial health risks.

The manufacturing and marketing of hookah tobacco (and the charcoal) is currently not regulated by the FDA. That leaves the door open for sales of flavored hookah tobaccos -- also called shisha, narghile and hubble-bubble -- that are especially attractive to young users. We agree with experts who are calling on the FDA to approve a pending rule to regulate these and other new tobacco products. We also want to see more states and communities close legal loopholes that allow hookah bars, lounges and cafes to open their doors to underage smokers. Until that happens, here&rsquo;s what you should know about this dangerous new craze.

<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/cancer-causes-and-risk-factors/can-hookah-smoking-cause-cancer?myAttribute=yay">Hookahs</a> can hook you on tobacco for life. At this point, 9% of teens say they smoke cigarettes and an equal number say they&rsquo;ve used a hookah at least once in the past month! And 13% &ldquo;vape&rdquo; or puff on electronic cigarettes. We&rsquo;ve warned you about those before. But a Dartmouth College School of Medicine survey of 1,050 young smokers, age 15-23, found that within two years, 39% who had smoked a hookah had graduated to cigarettes. The young and impressionable get hooked at a more than 30% rate.

Share a pipe and you&rsquo;re sharing disease-causing germs. Sharing saliva means sharing herpes or the flu. Health groups warn that hookahs may even spread chronic diseases such as hepatitis and tuberculosis as well as acute infections!

Hookah smoke contains an alarming variety of harmful chemicals. Yes, hookah smoking is an ancient tradition. It dates back at least 600 years. And so does the falsehood that they&rsquo;re a healthy way to smoke. There&rsquo;s nothing healthy or natural about it. We mentioned a bunch of the risks already. Others toxins in the smoke include heavy metals, formaldehyde and a nasty radioactive compound called &ldquo;Po.&rdquo; Short for polonium-210, this radioactive stuff concentrates in the delicate airways of the lungs and can course its way throughout the body, causing genetic damage, early and premature aging. Not a good situation!

Don&rsquo;t use e-cigs, snus or other &ldquo;alternative tobacco products,&rdquo; either. Plenty of the same risks are present in those, too. Say no to Big Tobacco by steering clear of them all.

Medically reviewed in May 2019.

Hidden Hookah Dangers

The holidays are meant to be a time of rest and enjoyment, surrounded by warmth and loved ones. But in reality, it tends to be a time of last-minute shopping and racing through crowded airports.&nbsp;

&ldquo;There&rsquo;s an enormous pressure on us to have the holidays be like a Hallmark card: everyone getting along, everyone getting the best gifts and you having the perfect outfit for every event,&rdquo; says Joel&nbsp;Holiner, MD, a psychiatrist specializing in addiction medicine at Medical City Green Oaks Hospital in Dallas Fort Worth, Texas. &ldquo;That pressure makes the season stressful for everyone, but it can be especially difficult if you&rsquo;re in recovery or you have a history of addiction.&rdquo;&nbsp;

Not only is your stress level higher at this time of the year, but you&rsquo;re also suddenly faced with powerful triggers. Whether it&rsquo;s running into high school friends, coworkers popping bottles in your office or having to spend time with judgmental relatives, the season can cause difficult emotions to resurface.&nbsp;

Holiday&nbsp;relapse&nbsp;prevention tips&nbsp; 
This year, do the holidays on your own terms. Here are expert-approved tips&nbsp;for&nbsp;sidestepping&nbsp;triggers, coping&nbsp;with the stress and preventing&nbsp;a relapse.&nbsp;

You&rsquo;re in control of your social calendar&nbsp; 
&ldquo;First off, there&rsquo;s no event that you actually have to go to,&rdquo; says&nbsp;Holiner. &ldquo;You may feel obligated to attend a friend&rsquo;s party or a family function, but if you know it&rsquo;s a setup for relapse&mdash;based on the people who will be there or previous experiences at the same event&mdash;do everything you can to stay home.&rdquo;&nbsp;

It&rsquo;s especially important to avoid high-risk situations during the early days of recovery, when your mind may still follow the pattern of craving substances when faced with stress.&nbsp;

&ldquo;<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/alcohol-and-health/article/simple-ways-cut-back-alcohol">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>&nbsp;has a saying that to stay sober, you need to change your playmates and your playpen,&rdquo; says&nbsp;Holiner. Stay away from the friends with whom you used alcohol or drugs in the past and avoid triggering settings like areas of your hometown where you have painful memories.&nbsp;

Bring your own&nbsp; 
Before sending in your RSVP, ask the family member or friend who&rsquo;s throwing the party to make it a drug or alcohol-free event. Most people will respect your recovery process and serve alcohol alternatives.&nbsp;

If you aren&rsquo;t 100 percent sure that an event will be substance free, bring a holiday &ldquo;mocktail&rdquo; like a non-alcoholic mulled punch. Make it your contribution to the potluck or a gift for the host. That way, you can feel more comfortable turning down drink offers and even reciprocate with your own.&nbsp;

Bring along a fellow sober person as well. If people bring alcohol or other substances without the host&rsquo;s permission, you and your holiday buddy can enjoy each other&rsquo;s company in an area away from the crowd. But don&rsquo;t stick around if the party&rsquo;s getting out of hand or you&rsquo;re starting to feel tempted.&nbsp;

Prepare your script&nbsp; 
&ldquo;I think it&#39;s very reasonable when a person is trying to hand you a drink to tell that friend, coworker or even your boss, &lsquo;I&#39;m sorry, I&#39;ve had a problem with drinking in the past and my doctor doesn&#39;t want me to drink at all.&rsquo; If you don&rsquo;t feel like you could be open with the person, try a simple, &lsquo;My doctor won&rsquo;t let me drink because of a medical issue&rsquo;&mdash;which is what addiction is,&rdquo; says&nbsp;Holiner.&nbsp;

Practice turning down offers ahead of each event. Think through the different scenarios you might encounter and say your responses out loud in front of the mirror until they sound confident. You could run through the lines with your sponsor or counselor, as well.&nbsp;

Cope with holiday stress&nbsp; 
With everything that&rsquo;s on your plate around the holidays, it&rsquo;s typical for your schedule to change, including your counseling and support group days. But this is a time when you want to actually increase the number of meetings you go to and spend more time talking with your counselor, says&nbsp;Holiner.&nbsp;

Around the holidays, we also find all kinds of excuses to stop taking care of ourselves&mdash;stress, busyness, saying, &lsquo;it&rsquo;s too cold out to exercise.&rsquo; But physical activity is one of the best ways to control stress and can keep relapses at bay. And it&rsquo;s not just about fitting in exercise:&nbsp;Remembering to eat, skipping fattening holiday foods and <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/sleep-health/slideshow/ways-fall-asleep-faster">getting enough sleep</a> all reduce stress and protect your self-esteem&mdash;helping you to avoid a relapse, he adds.&nbsp;

Taking care of yourself also means sticking to a routine. Schedule healthy activities like gym time and meal prep, along with enough counseling sessions and support group meetings. If you&rsquo;re facing a high-risk situation in the near future, include a plan for how you&rsquo;ll stay sober at that event: which people you&rsquo;ll avoid, what time you&rsquo;ll leave, how you&rsquo;ll answer questions from nosy relatives, how you&rsquo;ll help the host if you need a distraction.&nbsp;

Another way to keep your stress level&nbsp;down?&nbsp;&ldquo;Avoid setting unrealistic expectations for yourself,&rdquo; says&nbsp;Holiner. &ldquo;Let go of the pressure to create this perfect holiday. Stop overemphasizing the gifts, the decorating, the meals. Remember that the people matter most.&rdquo;&nbsp;

After the holidays&nbsp; 
When the excitement settles on January 2, it can feel like a bit of a letdown. If you&rsquo;re no longer busy and your calendar is suddenly empty, it&rsquo;s easy to become <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/depression/article/depression-symptoms-shouldnt-ignore">depressed</a>&mdash;especially in the dead of winter.&nbsp;

&ldquo;I recommend making post-holiday plans, because after six to eight weeks of shopping, cooking, decorating, partying, it&#39;s hard to suddenly stop and not feel a big void in your life. Don&#39;t wait 364 days to start making plans and having fun again,&rdquo; says&nbsp;Holiner.&nbsp;

Sign up for a class you&rsquo;ve always wanted to take or join a meet-up group that enjoys sober activities like hiking or cooking. It will give you something to look forward to and help to build healthy activities into your schedule.&nbsp;

The holidays can be trying when you&rsquo;re overcoming addiction, but&nbsp;if you follow these tips on how to prevent a relapse,&nbsp;you will get through them. Avoid high-risk situations, plan ahead and lean on your counselor or support group when stress starts to build.&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in January 2019. Updated in March 2021.&nbsp;

How to Avoid a Relapse During the Most Stressful Time of Year

Stopping opioids is not easy, and many experience withdrawal symptoms. Learn what to expect, how to prepare and the importance of working with your healthcare provider to transition off opioids in this video with Dr. Oz.

Medically reviewed in February 2021.

Ask the Experts: Transitioning Off Opioids

Navigating the healthcare system can be a confusing and daunting task. Therefore, understanding how to properly access prevention, treatment and recovery services is crucial to an individual suffering from substance use disorders. Insurance coverage for mental health services, including substance use disorders, has been expanded due to The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 and the substance use parity rule. These require private health insurance plans to offer substance use disorder and mental health services, with equal coverage for mental health treatment compared to treatment for other health conditions. These laws were made to ensure equality, but will require time, effort and collaboration to make it a reality for all Americans.

Understanding your insurance plan and coverage is important for seeking healthcare. Call your insurance provider before receiving treatment in order to understand which providers and services are covered on your insurance plan. Depending on your plan, in-network providers may be a more reasonable price, as they are required to use the pre-determined rate approved by your insurance provider. Some insurance plans cover out-of-network providers; if yours doesn&rsquo;t, ask your insurance provider prior to receiving care about filing an appeal to have this service covered.

Your healthcare provider may be able to recommend a treatment facility for you, but it&rsquo;s important to research treatment facilities in your area and be ready to discuss options with your healthcare provider.

Use these tools to search facilities in your region:

<ul>
	<li>SAMHSA: <a href="https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/" target="_blank">Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator</a></li>
	<li>SAMHSA: <a href="https://dpt2.samhsa.gov/treatment/directory.aspx" target="_blank">Opioid Treatment Program Directory</a></li>
	<li>SAMHSA&rsquo;s National Helpline: 1-800-662-4357
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li>24-hour free, confidential treatment referral routing service for individuals with mental and/or substance use disorders.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Mental Health America: <a href="http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/im-looking-mental-health-help-myself" target="_blank">Finding Mental Health for Yourself Facility Search Tool</a></li>
</ul>

Support groups may provide useful tools for navigating the system based on others&rsquo; experiences.

If you or someone you love is in a crisis, please call 911 or a 24-hour emergency helpline:

Mental Health America Crisis Line: 1-800-273-TALK 
<a href="https://www.na.org" target="_blank">Narcotics Anonymous</a> 
<a href="http://www.aa.org" target="_blank">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> 
 
Medically reviewed in January 2019.&nbsp;Updated in August 2019.

Navigating the Healthcare System When Facing Addiction

In this video, Dr. Oz discusses who is at risk for opioid addiction, how to recognize the symptoms of opioid addiction and why you need to work with your healthcare provider to develop an individualized treatment plan.

Medically reviewed in February 2021.

Ask the Experts: When Should I Talk to My Doctor About a Possible Opioid Addiction?

Once you transitioned off of opioids, there is still work to be done. Watch Dr. Oz explain tips for avoiding a relapse of opioid use, along with steps for getting back on track for those who have experienced a relapse.

Medically reviewed in January 2021.

Ask the Experts: Preventing a Relapse

When Hofstra University&rsquo;s departments of Earth Sciences and Geology helped put together a teaching guide for GeoTeach to sort out the facts from science fiction in the Jurassic Park movies, they acknowledged that the filmmakers got many things right&mdash;and a few facts wrong. For example, a Pteranodon, the name itself means &ldquo;wings with no teeth,&rdquo; couldn&rsquo;t have swooped down, teeth bared, and plucked a 12-year-old boy off the ground and flown away!

It was also a mistake when The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) stated they included kratom in their investigation titled &ldquo;Crackdown Urged on Supplements Marketed as Opioid Withdrawal Aids.&rdquo; Their study specifically excluded kratom, the <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/what-is-an-opioid">opioid</a> substitute that&rsquo;s also being touted on the Internet as a healthy alternative. This product was the target of an FDA warning to consumers. To set the record straight: kratom was not part of the CSPI investigation.

What CSPI did urge authorities to crack down on were companies who produce products such as Mitadone Anti Opiate Aid Plus, Opiate Detox Pro and TaperAid Complete.&nbsp;Both CSPI and the FDA stress that there are three approved FDA medically-assisted treatments for <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/opiate-agonist/how-prevent-opioid-medication-withdrawal">opioid addiction withdrawal</a>: methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone. These are treatments consumers can depend on.

Consider this our &ldquo;Redactyl&rdquo; to our Pteranodon. We look forward to the continued good work the Center for Science in the Public Interest accomplishes year in and year out.

The Truth Behind Kratom, Touted Opioid Alternative

You&rsquo;ve probably heard about opioids in the news, since abuse and overuse of these powerful pain relievers has contributed to a national crisis of addiction and overdose.&nbsp;

And while opioids have the potential to be misused, they are common medicines that can be helpful for relieving short-term pain, like the kind experienced after major surgery. They can also help with pain management for patients at the end stages of a terminal condition such as cancer. The evidence is not good, however, that opioids relieve long-term chronic pain (such as from arthritis, lower back pain or migraine) any better than other standard drug or non-drug therapies.&nbsp;

Safe opioid use&nbsp; 
If you&rsquo;re prescribed opioids, it&rsquo;s crucial to take them only in the amount and duration specified by your healthcare provider (HCP) because the potential downsides to inappropriate use of the drugs are severe. They lead to addiction in up to 25 percent of long-term users, according to some estimates, and are implicated in the overdose deaths of more than 46 Americans each day.&nbsp;

Here are some key things to keep in mind for safe opioid use.&nbsp;

Ask if you really need them at all&nbsp; 
Many experts are concerned that opioids are being prescribed when they&rsquo;re not medically necessary. A study published in September 2018 in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that&nbsp;nearly 30 percent of the time when doctors prescribed opioids, a diagnosis of pain was not included with the prescribing documentation&mdash;and a missing pain diagnosis was even more common in the case of prescription renewals.&nbsp;

Even for patients who do have chronic pain, opioids are usually of limited use. A study published in March 2018 in JAMA found that patients who took opioids for chronic back, knee or hip pain didn&rsquo;t do any better&mdash;and in some cases had worse pain&mdash;than those who took non-opioid pain medications.&nbsp;

While some physicians prescribe opioids for migraines, the American Headache Society recommends that they only be used as a last resort or in cases in which first-line treatments aren&rsquo;t a viable option. The potential downsides to using opioids for headaches are that they can lead to more frequent and severe headaches as well as opioid dependency.&nbsp;

Keep&nbsp;opioids safe from others&nbsp; 
If you are prescribed an opioid, it&rsquo;s important to keep your medication away from anyone in your household who shouldn&rsquo;t be taking them, especially children. Never leave your pills or containers lying around where others can access them. Instead, keep them stowed in a secure, out-of-the-way medicine cabinet, ideally one with a lock. It&rsquo;s also a good idea to count your pills after each use to keep track if any go missing.&nbsp;

Anticipate side effects&nbsp; 
It&rsquo;s critical to speak to your HCP about the potential side&nbsp;effects you&nbsp;may experience while on the drugs&mdash;such as headaches, fogginess, sleepiness, nausea, vomiting and constipation&mdash;so you know what to expect and when to report anything that&rsquo;s out of the ordinary. &nbsp;

Stick to the shortest and lowest dose opioid possible&nbsp; 
Your HCP should prescribe your medication for the shortest course and at the lowest dose she thinks will be effective to treat your pain. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that most of the time, you won&rsquo;t need to take opioids for more than three days and that it&rsquo;s rare for people to need them for more than seven.&nbsp;

If you take them longer than that, you have a much higher risk of becoming dependent, according to a 2017 study from the CDC. Only 6 percent of patients taking an opioid prescription for a day or more were still using it a year later, but that number jumped to 13.5 percent for patients using an opioid for eight or more days&mdash;and to nearly 30 percent for those whose first experience taking a prescription opioid ran for 31 days or longer.&nbsp;

If this is your first opioid prescription and you&rsquo;re being treated for acute pain, it&rsquo;s generally recommended that you take immediate-release opioids rather than an extended-release/long-acting (ER/LA) version. ER/LA opioids, which stay in the body longer and are typically stronger, are usually reserved for patients with severe, ongoing pain who have already taken immediate-release opioids for a week or more.&nbsp;

Don&rsquo;t try to adjust your own dose&nbsp; 
If you&rsquo;re taking an opioid and the medication seems to have worn off&mdash;in other words, if you&rsquo;re still in pain&mdash;don&rsquo;t increase your dose. Instead, call your HCP. Taking more than&nbsp;you&rsquo;re&nbsp;prescribed can depress your breathing, setting you on the path toward serious life-threatening complications.&nbsp;

Don&rsquo;t mix opioids with certain meds&nbsp; 
Combining opioids with other drugs&mdash;such as over-the-counter or prescription sleep medications or anti-anxiety medications&mdash;can increase potentially deadly side effects such as depressed breathing. The same is true with alcohol. Always tell your prescribing HCP about all the other medications and supplements you&rsquo;re taking, so they can help make sure you&rsquo;re not setting yourself up for any dangerous drug interactions.&nbsp;

Don&rsquo;t stop cold turkey&nbsp; 
If you&rsquo;ve been prescribed an opioid to deal with acute pain for less than two weeks, you should be able to stop taking the drug when your prescription runs out. But if you&rsquo;ve been taking one for more than two weeks, you may need to stop gradually. Discuss the process of tapering your prescription with your HCP.&nbsp;

When weaning off the drugs, you may experience withdrawal symptoms&mdash;including anxiety, increased pain, trouble sleeping, nausea or rapid heart rate. But most people who do taper off have improved day-to-day function without worse pain. You should be able to stop completely once you&rsquo;ve gotten down to the lowest possible dose less than once a day.&nbsp;

Remember: Only attempt to alter, reduce or stop taking a drug in consultation with your HCP.&nbsp;

Discard leftover pills immediately&nbsp; 
More than 60 percent of Americans prescribed opioids keep the extras around, according to a study published in 2016 in JAMA Internal Medicine. That&rsquo;s a bad idea for several reasons.&nbsp;

For one, you may decide to take a pill when you don&rsquo;t really need it for something outside of your original prescription&mdash;for example, to relieve the pain of a pulled back muscle. Keeping extra pills around also increases the risk that loved ones around you could become addicted. Forty percent of people who misused opioids got them from friends and family members, according to results of a national survey published in 2017 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.&nbsp;

If you have the remainders of an opioid prescription, don&#39;t just toss the pills into the garbage, because they could end up in the wrong hands. You can contact your local police department or trash service to see if they have medicine takeback programs.&nbsp;

If a takeback opportunity is not immediately available, however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that you flush most opioids down the toilet right away to dispose of them as soon as they&rsquo;re no longer needed. Learn more about safe disposal of medications from the FDA and consult the agency&rsquo;s &ldquo;flush list.&rdquo;&nbsp;

Know the signs of an incorrect dose and overdose&nbsp; 
Overdoses aren&rsquo;t always the result of illicit use (in other words, trying to get high). They are sometimes caused by inadvertent mistakes, such as taking too large a dose, taking it too soon after a previous dose or mixing it with another drug or alcohol.&nbsp;

If after taking your prescription, you feel intoxicated, dizzy, especially groggy or sleepy or are having trouble waking up and staying alert, call your HCP, as these are signs that you may have taken the wrong dose of your medication.&nbsp;

And be on the lookout for any of the following signs of an overdose in a loved one who&rsquo;s taken an opioid:&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Loss of consciousness&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Breathing or heartbeat that slows or stops&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Vomiting or gurgling noises&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Limp body&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Pale, clammy skin and/or blue lips or fingernails&nbsp;</li>
	<li>&ldquo;Pinpoint&rdquo; or constricted pupils&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

In these cases, call 911 immediately for emergency help, and administer naloxone if available.&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in November 2018. Updated in March 2021.&nbsp;

9 Keys to Safe Opioid Use

Opioids&mdash;a class of drug that includes oxycodone, hydrocodone and codeine, as well as <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/heroin-addiction-what-you-should-know">heroin</a>, morphine and fentanyl&mdash;may knock out the pain, but they carry a number of risks and side effects. The changes in brain and body chemistry opioids cause can lead to addiction, but that&rsquo;s not the only side effect to be aware of.

How opioids work 
When you take an opioid, the molecules of the drug attach themselves to opioid receptors, parts of brain, spinal cord gastrointestinal and other cells that act like ports. Think of using a USB connection to sync your smartphone with your computer; the port is the receptor and the cable is the opioid molecule. When the drug activates these opioid receptors, they reduce the sensation of pain.

Various types of opioid receptors that tell the body to turn other functions off or on, like breathing and the brain&rsquo;s reward system. Take opioids for too long and your body can lose its ability to activate these receptors on its own. And, if you take too much at once your <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/article/drug-that-reverses-heroin-overdose">breathing reflex can shut itself off</a>. Even at lower doses opioids can produce side effects in both the brain and other parts of the body.

Physical side effects of painkillers 
Constipation is one of the most common side effects of opioids, affecting between 40 and 95 percent of everyone who takes them. Opioid receptors in cells of the gut influence the bowels&rsquo; movement, a characteristic called motility, and when you take opioids it slows everything down in the bowels.

Nausea and vomiting are another set of common side effects of opioids, and the dose that can make you feel ill is less than the dose that kills pain. Nausea and vomiting often goes away within a few days or weeks, but for the cases where it doesn&rsquo;t, <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/medications-treat-drug-dependencies/what-is-naltrexone">naltrexone</a> is often used in combination with painkillers. Other anti-nausea drugs as well as changing the type of opioid or the way it&rsquo;s delivered may help as well.

Opioids may also leave you feeling sleepy or sluggish. It&rsquo;s called sedation, and it&rsquo;s one of the more common side effects of opioids. Healthcare providers can reduce your dose, give you a different opioid or perhaps give you a stimulant medication if sedation is troubling you.

Opioids change your brain 
Opioid side effects don&rsquo;t just affect your body; they affect your brain as well. Long-term use of opioids, defined as more than 30 days, carries the risk of depression, according to a 2016 study in the Annals of Family Medicine. The researchers suggest depression may happen because of brain chemistry changes and a drop in testosterone.

<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/could-become-addicted-opioids-pain">Addiction</a> is one of the most insidious side effects of opioids. They produce a sense of pleasure and euphoria because they work on the sections of the brain that process reward. Addiction produces strong cravings for the drug, and as a result, people who are addicted will do nearly anything to get more. Work can suffer, relationships can fall by the wayside, and the person addicted may engage in risky behaviors like using their medication for longer than prescribed.&nbsp;

The difference between addiction and dependence 
There&rsquo;s a marked difference between addiction and physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms like shivering or muscle aches come from physical dependence, but physical dependence is not the same thing as addiction.

After a period of taking opioids, a higher dose is required to get the same effect. That&rsquo;s tolerance. Because the opioid receptors are continually hammered by higher and higher doses of opioids, they start to function normally only when drugs are in the system. In that case, the user is dependent upon the drugs, and if he or she doesn&rsquo;t get their dose of opioids, withdrawal symptoms occur.

Addiction, on the other hand, is characterized by the cravings for the drug, which are often so strong that people are unable to stop using the drug even when they know it&rsquo;s causing them harm. It&rsquo;s possible to be addicted but not dependent upon opioids&mdash;and vice versa&mdash;but very often the two go hand in hand.

The bottom line 
Opioids are powerful painkilling medications that can be the right choice in certain circumstances. But regardless of the circumstances, it&rsquo;s important to be educated about the possible side effects of opioids. Always follow your healthcare provider&rsquo;s instructions, and <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/find-help-deal-substance-abuse">seek help</a> if you feel or fear that you&rsquo;re becoming addicted or dependent on the drugs.&nbsp;

Medically reviewed in January 2019.&nbsp;Updated in August 2019.

Side Effects of Opioid Medication

When Cheech and Chong lit up the movie screens with their marijuana-fogged dialogue they probably never imagined cannabis would become legal. But today more than 20 states have authorized medical marijuana, while Colorado and Washington have legalized personal use. So we say it&rsquo;s time to back-up -- carefully -- and take a look at the health risks associated with recreational marijuana use.

The active ingredient in marijuana (<a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/what-is-thc">THC or 9 delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol</a>) has been engineered to be much more concentrated in today&rsquo;s crops than it was in the 1970s. That, combined with the highly individual way the drug affects the brain (20-somethings, listen up, you&rsquo;re still developing neural wiring), makes it hard to predict who might be at risk for marijuana-related long-term problems. What is known, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is that regular or heavy use is linked to traffic accidents and reduced lung function (the smoke contains carcinogens) and <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/substance-abuse-addiction-recovery/will-become-addicted-medical-marijuana">can encourage addictions</a>. In addition, for some folks, THC&rsquo;s effect on neurotransmitters may increase the risk for <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/depression">depression</a> and the development of psychosis. It can also cause memory and attention deficits. And -- particular to eating THC -- there may be an increased risk of panic or anxiety.

Our advice? Go for a free 2-fer: An exercise high from aerobic routines, like <a href="https://www.sharecare.com/health/walking/health-guide/walking-fitness-program/walking-fitness-tip-ten">interval walking</a>, boosts both serotonin and endorphin levels. You&rsquo;ll get smokin&rsquo; hot without craving a peanut butter and jelly pizza.

Medically reviewed in July 2019.

Recreational Marijuana: How Safe Is it?

Substance misuse, or the improper use of a substance that may cause harm, is an important issue that needs to be addressed in the United States. In general, substance misuse typically begins during adolescence, but may begin at any time in an individual&rsquo;s life. If substance misuse becomes a regular occurrence, it may transition to a substance use disorder (or addiction), during which the individual becomes dependent on the substance.

Substance misuse is associated with a variety of poor health outcomes, such as cancer, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke, along with other problems, such as injuries, violence and crime. Substance misuse is also associated with death when action to prevent substance misuse is not taken soon enough. Drug overdose related specifically to opioid or heroin use caused 29,000 deaths in 2014 alone, many of which could have been avoided if the proper preventative measures had been taken.

It&rsquo;s very important to identify risk factors that could make you or a loved one susceptible to substance use disorders. Once risk factors are identified, it&rsquo;s easier to prevent substance use disorders or recognize them before it&rsquo;s too late. Risk factors for substance use disorders include mental health problems, positive attitudes about substance use, stressful life events, exposure to alcohol or drugs during pregnancy, lack of family discipline, family history of substance use and parental unemployment.

Different kinds of preventative programs are designed to target a variety of ages and demographics. Programs for parents of infants or children focus on reducing risk factors by encouraging healthy relationships between the parent and child. As children get older, the focus of prevention programs shifts to educating adolescents on best practices for refusing substances. Programs for young adults, college students and working adults are focused on educating individuals on the negative health outcomes of alcohol misuse and substance use.

Overall, programs that are specific to each population are the most effective. Every dollar invested in prevention of substance use disorders produces a savings of $2 to $10 related to costs in health care, criminal justice system, educational system and lost productivity. Therefore, recognizing risk factors and selecting the correct program for yourself or for a loved one is extremely important to ensure prevention of a substance use disorder before it happens.

Find the right program for you:

Ages 0-10 
<a href="https://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/" target="_blank">Nurse-Family Partnership</a> 
This program is designed to improve low-income, first-time mothers&rsquo; parenting skills, focusing on those with children less than 5 years old. It has been effective in reducing alcohol use among teens who received this intervention as infants.

<a href="http://goodbehaviorgame.org/" target="_blank">The Good Behavior Game</a> 
This school-based program focuses on behavior management in a 1st and 2nd grade classroom setting and has successfully shown reduced rates of substance use and alcohol use among high-risk populations.

<a href="http://www.blueprintsprograms.com/factsheet/raising-healthy-children" target="_blank">Raising Healthy Children</a> 
This is just one example of the many effective programs that involve both schools and parents to prevent substance misuse. These programs involve social, emotional and behavioral learning and management for children in 1st to 6th grade, and have been shown to reduce alcohol and marijuana misuse at age 18.

<a href="http://fasttrackproject.org/">The Fast Track Program</a> 
This intensive, 10-year long program is specific to children with high aggression in 1st grade and focuses on improving social skills of children through the school setting, home visits and parental support groups. The program has shown decreased alcohol and substance misuse after a 10-year follow up.

These DailyStrength support groups are specific to parents with young children: 
<a href="https://www.dailystrength.org/group/parenting-newborns-infants-0-1" target="_blank">Parenting Newborns &amp; Infants Support Group (Ages 0-1)</a> 
<a href="https://www.dailystrength.org/group/parenting-toddlers-1-3" target="_blank">Parenting Toddlers Support Group (Ages 1-3)</a> 
<a href="https://www.dailystrength.org/group/parenting-preschoolers-3-5" target="_blank">Parenting Preschoolers Support Group (Ages 3-5)</a> 
<a href="https://www.dailystrength.org/group/parenting-big-kids-5-8" target="_blank">Parenting Big Kids Support Group (Ages 5-8)</a>

Ages 10-18 
<a href="http://www.blueprintsprograms.com/factsheet/lifeskills-training-lst" target="_blank">LifeSkills Program</a> 
Implemented over the course of three years, this school-based program focuses on substance refusal through building social, cognitive and emotional skills. This program has been effective in delaying the early use of substances, including alcohol and tobacco.

<a href="http://www.strengtheningfamiliesprogram.org/" target="_blank">Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14</a> 
This family-based program addresses parents&rsquo; communication and limit-setting skills, as well as children&rsquo;s substance refusal skills, and has reduced use of alcohol, tobacco and drug use, including prescription drug use.

<a href="http://www.copingpower.com/" target="_blank">Coping Power</a> 
Specific to children in 5th and 6th grade, this 16-month long internet-based program targets student who have been exposed to early substance use or have shown aggressive behavior, and has proven to reduce substance misuse.

These DailyStrength support groups are specific to parents with tweens and teens: 
<a href="https://www.dailystrength.org/group/parenting-tweens-9-12" target="_blank">Parenting Tweens Support Group (Ages 9-12)</a> 
<a href="https://www.dailystrength.org/group/parenting-teenagers-12-18" target="_blank">Parenting Teenagers Support Group (Ages 12-18)</a>

Young Adults 
<a href="http://www.blueprintsprograms.com/factsheet/brief-alcohol-screening-and-intervention-for-college-students-basics" target="_blank">Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS)</a> 
Designed to motivate college students to reduce alcohol consumption through education on the negative consequences, this program provides personalized feedback based on the student&rsquo;s current drinking behaviors. Studies have shown a decrease in alcohol consumption after students completed this program.

<a href="https://www.fairfield.edu/media/fairfielduniversitywebsite/documents/student/lf_healthsafety_parentalcoholhandbook_6-22-15.pdf" target="_blank">Parent Handbook</a> 
This is just one example of the Parent Handbook program, which focuses on educating parents about best practices for speaking with their children about drinking the summer before their child leaves for college. This program has shown a reduction in the chances of their child becoming a heavy drinker.

<a href="http://thehavenatcollege.com/index.html" target="_blank">The Haven at College</a> 
This is a on-campus program for addiction treatment and support that offers a range of services, including a recovery residence, outpatient center, and mentoring and monitoring programs at universities. &nbsp;

Adult Workplaces 
Team Awareness 
This program is implemented in a variety of workplace settings and consists of three 2-hour long sessions, decreasing the rate of heavy drinking among employees.

Medically reviewed in January 2019.

Addiction Recovery