Androgen insensitivity syndrome is not the same thing as gender dysphoria. Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a genetic problem that affects sexual development. People with complete AIS have female physical characteristics, just no female reproductive organs. People with partial AIS may have ambiguous genitalia and physical characteristics of both males and females, and they may have either a female or male gender identity. AIS is often considered an intersex condition. In gender dysphoria, physical characteristics develop normally, but an individual feels that they have the "wrong" sex's physical characteristics. That means that genetic males with gender dysphoria feel like they're females, and genetic females may feel like they're actually males.
Metabolic Disorders
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See All 5 AnswersA simple and effective way to monitor a child's hydration status is to check the color of his or her urine. Light yellow urine indicates adequate hydration while darker urine indicates dehydration. You can also weigh your child before and after activity. Any weight loss as a result of activity would indicate water loss, which should be replaced.
This answer provided for NATA by the Marist College Athletic Training Education Program.
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See All 2 AnswersThe most important, and probably most obvious, way to prevent dehydration during exercise is to drink plenty of fluids. You should drink fluids before, during and after any form of exercise. Pay attention to your environment, as it is much easier to become dehydrated out on a sports field in the middle of the summer than it is in an air-conditioned gym. Therefore, your environment should play a role in determining what type of exercise you will be doing and for what duration.
The last and probably most important tip is to listen to your body. As you become dehydrated your body will give you signs and encourage you to rehydrate. Some signs of dehydration include dry mouth, thirst, sweating, fatigue, muscle cramping, flushed skin and dizziness. If you begin to develop any of these symptoms you have already waited too long to hydrate and should start drinking fluids immediately.
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Dr. James A. Bush, MD , Internal Medicine, answered on behalf of John Randolph Medical Center - HCA VirginiaSee All 5 Answers
To prevent dehydration, make sure you're properly hydrated when you begin the day, says James Bush, MD, from John Randolph Medical Center. Find out what else you can do—in addition to drinking water—by watching this short video.
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Penn Medicine answeredThere are three major types of systemic amyloidosis:- Primary amyloidosis (AL), the most common form, begins in your bone marrow, builds up in the bloodstream and can deposit in body tissues. It is not associated with other diseases - except for multiple myeloma, a form of bone marrow cancer.
- Hereditary (Familial) amyloidosis, an inherited genetic form passed down in families, often affects nerves and kidneys.
- Secondary amyloidosis (AA) occurs with a chronic infectious or inflammatory disease, such as tuberculosis or a bone infection.
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Sweat electrolyte losses, particularly sodium and chloride, vary by individual. Muscle cramping due to exertional heat stress can be attributed to an electrolyte deficit caused by sweating, as the sodium and chloride lost through sweat are not matched sufficiently by dietary salt intake. Replacing sodium is crucial to enhancing body-water retention and distribution. Some athletes are referred to as “salty sweaters” because they have a relatively high concentration of sodium in their sweat and a high sweat rate. This combination puts these particular athletes at an elevated risk for developing muscle cramps. Knowing how much fluid and electrolytes your body loses through sweating helps you to properly rehydrate after training or competition. -
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Your body only needs to be dehydrated slightly to have a negative impact on performance, especially in the heat. Side effects of significant dehydration during sport include decreased performance, strained cardiovascular system, premature fatigue and increased risk for heat illness. This highlights why being properly hydrated before beginning a training session or competition is crucial for your body to perform safely and at its best. A simple way you can determine if you are drinking enough is by looking at the color and volume of your urine. Urine that is darker in color and low in volume can be a sign of significant dehydration. The goal is to have regular urinations that are light yellow in color. If you are making frequent stops at the bathroom with perfectly clear urine, it is probably a sign that you are drinking too much water.
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Dr. Jack Merendino, MD , Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, answeredFamilial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a hereditary condition of parathyroid gland sensing. The parathyroid glands in this condition do not properly sense blood calcium levels and secrete excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) even when the blood calcium level is normal. This results in a rise in the blood calcium. This is a true form of hyperparathyroidism, but it tends to be relatively benign, with only mild elevation of the blood calcium and relatively few long-term complications. The hallmark of the condition is an unusually low urine calcium excretion, typically less than 50 mg of calcium in the urine in 24 hours. The condition is not always hereditary -- there are non-familial cases as well. Measurement of urine calcium excretion is an important part of the evaluation of someone with a high blood calcium level, both to exclude FHH as a diagnosis and to determine if the person is at high risk of kidney stones, which might prompt one to recommend surgery. -
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Penn Medicine answeredSymptoms of amyloidosis are frequently vague and appear similar to those of other common diseases spanning the areas of cardiology, nephrology, neurology, and more.
Often, it is the presence of many persistent, unrelated symptoms that alert a physician to the possibility of amyloidosis. Left untreated, the disease can be potentially life threatening so receiving a diagnosis early and accurately is very important.
General symptoms may include:- Fatigue
- Foamy urine
- Joint pain
- Low red blood cell count (anemia)
- Shortness of breath
- Swelling in the ankles, legs, and tongue
- Tingling and numbness in hands and feet
- Weight loss