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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), also known as CSF-1, is a cytokine that is associated with placental implantation as well as being involved in differentiation and growth of mononuclear cells (macrophages and monocytes). This factor is produced by osteoclasts, stromal cells and macrophages. CSF-1 has some clinical value. Its expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness, decreased recurrence interval, poor prognosis and worsened outcome. CSF-1 is found at low levels in normal ovarian tissue and benign ovarian lesions. It is overexpressed in ovarian epithelial cancers and their metastases. Furthermore, metastases of ovarian cancer express CSF-1 and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R), whereas the co-expression is not seen in benign and noninvasive borderline lesions.
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