The most conclusive way to test if avoiding weight gain will decrease the risk of cancer is through a controlled clinical trial. At present, there have been no controlled clinical trials on the effect on cancer related to avoiding weight gain. However, many observational studies have shown that avoiding weight gain lowers the risk of cancers of the colon, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium, kidney, and esophagus. There is limited evidence for thyroid cancers, and no substantial evidence for all other cancers.
This answer is based on source information from the National Cancer Institute.
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