What is vasculitis?

Vasculitis can affect the central or peripheral nervous system. In patients with vasculitis the blood vessels become inflamed, inflammatory cells accumulate in and around the blood vessels, and decrease or block the supply of oxygenated blood going to the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. As the blood flow is blocked, the tissues they supply can die. Sometimes, the weakened blood vessels rupture, leading to bleeding.

Nervous system vasculitis can develop as part of an infection, a generalized autoimmune disease such as lupus, Sjgren's syndrome, or with a systemic vasculitis that affects other parts of the body (Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa); in these cases it is called secondary vasculitis. If vasculitis of the brain or spinal cord develops when no other condition is present, it is called primary central nervous system vasculitis or primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS).

Vasculitis of the central nervous system causes poor cognition, headache, stroke, and seizures. Vaculitis of the peripheral nervous system causes pain in the arms and legs, numbness, and asymmetrical weakness. People with vasculitis may also have fever, lose weight, and are easily fatigued.

Vasculitis and the underlying disorders that cause it can be difficult to diagnose.

Vasculitis is inflammation of the blood vessels. This inflammation can damage and narrow the blood vessels, causing a rash, a change in sensation, fatigue, or other symptoms.

Vasculitis has many possible causes, including allergic reactions and certain diseases, such as lupus.

Bleeding from the blood vessel may cause bruises or blood spots under the skin. Vasculitis can decrease blood supply to tissues or organs, causing blood clots, pain, tissue damage, and organ malfunction.

Treatment depends on the cause of the vasculitis. Some cases may be self-correcting. Treatment often includes anti-inflammatory medicine, such as corticosteroids.