What are treatment options for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

In most babies who are born with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) but whose heart is normal in other ways, the blood vessel shrinks and eventually closes on its own. However, in some babies, the ductus arteriosus may need to be closed through medical intervention. Three options are available for closing PDA:

1. Medications
2. A minimally invasive procedure in which a heart specialist known as a pediatric interventional cardiologist threads a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through a blood vessel to reach the ductus arteriosis and close it with a specially designed device or coil
3. Surgery to close the ductus arteriosis