How are hemorrhagic fevers (HFs) spread?

Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is spread to humans by contact with urine, saliva, or feces from infected rodents or a bite from an insect, such as a mosquito or tick. Each virus is usually associated with a specific insect or rodent host or closely related species. These animals maintain the virus and are not known to exhibit any symptoms of viral illness.

Some VHF organisms can enter the body by inhaled airborne particles or by direct contact with broken or chafed skin. Some arena viruses, such as Machupo and Lassa viruses, can be spread by person-to-person contact. For example, hospital workers caring for infected individuals can acquire the infection.

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